The Theme of Society in Pride and Prejudice Essay - 976 Words

Originally written in the late 1700s, Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice satirically depicts the universal ideals in Old Regency England, primarily regarding social class. Austen follows the development of an outspoken middle-class British woman, Elizabeth Bennet, as she encounters and overcomes the many social barriers that separate her from her wealthy upper-class neighbors. Throughout the novel, Lizzie must confront society’s class-consciousness, particularly with her family’s growing relationship with the wellborn Bingleys and their friend, Mr. Darcy. It is clear that the author, Jane Austen, intended Pride and Prejudice to be a parody of the Old English society’s extreme emphasis on the social class structure and marriage that is not†¦show more content†¦Lady Catherine’s ludicrousness is most likely taken from her haughty ego, which society has helped create by holding the upper class up on a pedestal. In Pride and Prejudice, Jane Auste n speaks of a world where a person’s, more importantly a woman’s, reputation is a paramount obsession. A woman is made to believe to have to behave in certain ways; stepping outside the social normality makes her open to being banished from mainstream society. A prime example of this is when Lydia gets an invitation to visit and stay with the officers. Of course, Mrs. Bennet, the most obvious, oblivious, loud social conscious creature of Longbourn is all â€Å"happy go lucky† when she hears of Lydia’s call. Mr. Bennet who is the most stoic contradictory of Mrs. Bennet is even excited. However, when the news provoking invitation turns into a merciless elopement between Mr. Wickham and Lydia Bennet it sends shockwaves through the Bennet household. By becoming Wickham’s lover without being married, Lydia clearly places herself outside the social â€Å"norm†, and her disgrace threatens the entire Bennet family and their standing in society. The fact that Lydia’s terrible judgment would have condemned the other Bennet sisters to marriage less lives is a ridiculous but accurate tell of the stress put on the hierarchy that is Old English society. This theme also appears in the novel whenShow MoreRelatedJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1343 Words   |  6 PagesThe Themes of Jane Austen in Pride and Prejudice In today’s time there are many novels in which their purpose is to provide an enjoyable feeling for the reader, filling them with pleasurable feelings and they do not possess a strong message or lesson. On the other hand, Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice does not compare to novels such as The Notebook, or My Life with the Walter Boys because those two are feel-good books. Whereas Pride and Prejudice is undoubtedly an enjoyable story but Austen usesRead MoreJane Austens Pride and Prejudice1061 Words   |  5 Pagesoff of society’s standards. Many writers criticizes the influence that society has over its members. The romantic novelist Jane Austen satirizes her society and those who follow it. One of her most famous works, Pride and Prejudice, is a great example of this satire. Throughout the novel she explores the effects of society through her characters. In Jane Austen’s novel Pride and Prejudice, she divulges the central theme of society and social cla ss through the characters Elizabeth Bennet, Mr. Darcy,Read MoreGood Morning Readplus Panel, Mount Alvernia Curriculum Leaders For English, And Fellow Students1573 Words   |  7 Pagespanel, Mount Alvernia Curriculum Leaders for English, and fellow students. â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† is a well-known novel by Jane Austen. Many people of different ages have at least heard of this book through various media adaptations. But how many have actually read it? â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† should be read by young adults and be included on the ReadPlus website because it is a work of literature that surpasses time. Its themes are still relevant, the characters are still relatable and it provides a culturalRead MoreF.Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby Comparison and Contrasted with Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice1708 Words   |  7 Pagesmeaning for other texts. An example of this is Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice, this novel is more easily understood when it is compared and contrasted to other literature works, such as F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby. The aspects of the two novels that can be compared and contrasted are the plot development, characterisation, setting, narrative point of view, writers context and themes and issues. The plot of Pride and Prejudice is about a lower upper class woman in the 18th centuryRead MoreComparative Study: Letters to Alice and Pride and Prejudice1502 Words   |  7 Pagesportrayed in Pride and Prejudice are creatively reshaped in Letters to Alice. The two texts, Letters to Alice and Pride and Prejudice, mirror and contrast the central values shared and explored by evaluating them; presenting them against Jane Austens context and that of Fay Weldon. Mirroring Austens novel, Weldon presents the central values for women such as the social values of moral behaviour, independence, and, literary values of reading and writing, from Pride and Prejudice and adapts themRead MoreExplore the Methods Which Writers Use to Develop the Ways in Which Their Characters See and Understand Their Own Worlds in Pride and Prejudice and the Yellow Wallpaper1100 Words   |  5 PagesExplore the methods which writers use to develop the ways in which their characters see and understand their own worlds in Pride and Prejudice and The Yellow Wallpaper Austen first published ‘Pride and Prejudice’ in 1813 the novella touches on several themes such as prejudice, first impressions and pride; themes that individually define the main characters. Charlotte Perkin Gilman an American writer first published ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’ in 1892, the novella touches upon attitudes in the nineteenthRead MoreEssay on Jane Austin and Pride Prejudice1457 Words   |  6 Pagesdeveloped the ideas related to feminism (Abrams). Jane’s work became prevalent in English literature during time of transition from neo-classicism to romanticism (Abrams). She was influenced by a number of other literary figures of her time, and by the society in which she lived. Her writing sometimes reflected earlier writers, whom she sometimes mocked because they always portrayed a perfect world in their writing and the world was not that way. Her writing style was elegant and satirical. In her novelsRead More Comparing Satire in Canterbury Tal es, Pride and Prejudice and The Rape of the Lock1351 Words   |  6 PagesUse of Satire in Canterbury Tales, Pride and Prejudice and The Rape of the Lock Jane Austen and Alexander Pope had had a myriad of writing styles and techniques from which to express the desired themes of their works.   Satire, however, seemed to be the effective light-hearted, yet condescending, tool that enabled them to surface the faults and follies of their moral and elite society.   In Chaucers Canterbury Tales, satire is used to the full extent in revealing the glutton within a piousRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen1399 Words   |  6 PagesPride and Prejudice The novel Pride and Prejudice written by Jane Austen is a satirical depiction of the social life and atmosphere of eighteenth and nineteenth century England, which at the time was predominantly concerned with the courtship customs of the English gentry. The novel, through Austen’s ironic and subtle writing style, is far more than just a romantic comedy, since it skillfully addresses and combines the political, economic, philosophical and feminist themes of its periodRead MorePride and Prejudice: Themes, Motifs, and Symbols1368 Words   |  6 PagesThemes Themes are the fundamental and often universal ideas explored in a literary work. Love Pride and Prejudice contains one of the most cherished love stories in English literature: the courtship between Darcy and Elizabeth. As in any good love story, the lovers must elude and overcome numerous stumbling blocks, beginning with the tensions caused by the lovers own personal qualities. Elizabeths pride makes her misjudge Darcy on the basis of a poor first impression, while Darcys prejudice

Descartes Fantasy, Reality, Fantasy And Reality

William Porter Phil 6 Stuart Campbell Fantasy and Reality Dreams, fantasy, reality, life, we’ve had years to distinguish the worlds that are different and the main perception to what our reality currently is. It brings the question of if fantasy has an impact on reality, and the philosophers that are looked at in this essay do point a heavily influence of reality with fabrication of life such as imagination based fantasies or dreams. As the mind is powerful philosophers have taken the time to address the influential power of the imagination and dreams. Some talk about the power of hallucination as well, separating dreams from the visions people imagine awake. Jennifer Windt talks about dreams and dreaming in the stanford encyclopedia for†¦show more content†¦An omnipotent yet evil genious would be off to the side controlling the scenes in this virtual world that the person would be perceiving. As far as that person was aware, that computer environment would be their reality controlled by the evil genius. This was meant to undermine Descartes sensory based theory as that scenario would explain how to get around the ideal that senses control what’s dream and what’s reality. What seems to be in the three scenarios of â€Å"brain-in-a-vat†, â€Å"evil-genius hypothesis†, and the â€Å"Matrix-style† is the appeal to logical or nomological possibility being a regularly recurring activity. Jennifer then looks at other philosophers critiquing Descartes â€Å"Sixth Meditation† that contradicts his own statement of â€Å"First Meditation†. Saying that it was worthless to propose a test where you can dream you succeeded, as the lack of logical understanding and deception of sensory makes it unreliable as a test. Grundmann’s thought was that we as humans had an innate ability to tell we were awake due to an introspective noticing of our ability to use critical thinking while we are awake, and critical thinking being absent while we are asleep. The author Windt had a retaliation saying critical thinking is not uniformly absent in dreams and is usually corrupted when it does occur, and that rational thought did occur in dreams but wasn’t recognizable. This would confirm the ideal that dreams, as it would be self defeating, can’tShow MoreRelatedWhat do Plato, Descartes, and The Matrix all have in common? All of them study the possibility that600 Words   |  3 PagesWhat do Plato, Descartes, and The Matrix all have in common? All of them study the possibility that our world is just a fantasy. They also demand that we took a good look into the relations hip concerning our senses and reality. There is one similarity between all three works that is clear: their writers are skeptical that the real world that surrounds could just be a product of our faulty senses. Can we really rely on them to justify whether or not what we are perceiving is real? â€Å"All that I haveRead MoreThe Fiction Of Literature And Literature1548 Words   |  7 Pagesknown to his readers as nonfiction, thought to be of truth. Nonfiction, as illustrated, cannot legitimately hold to this claim and would less mislead readers by label of â€Å"representation†. By its label within literature, nonfiction creates a greater fantasy than fiction. Literature is seen to be separated. Nonfiction is an account of what lies outside the mind. Fiction is an account of what lies within the mind. These two branches of literature may not be so distinct as this. The â€Å"nonfiction† of literatureRead MoreDescartes Reason Of Knowledge1675 Words   |  7 PagesDescartes Reasons of Knowledge It was once said by Renà © Descartes that, â€Å"if you would be a real seeker after truth, it is necessary that at least once in your life you doubt, as far as possible, all things.† In other words, when one wants to pursue the knowledge of this world, one must be able to question possibilities before coming to a conclusion. Throughout the Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes discusses his thoughts in a coherent manner. He strongly states that ‘true knowledge’ is gainedRead MoreAnalysis Of Rene Descartes s The Descartes 2020 Words   |  9 PagesRene Descartes was a French mathematician who concurred with Plato and the early scholars about the significance of reason. Nonetheless, he found that his antecedents regularly settled their thoughts upon what he took to be a to some degree temperamental and dubious establishment. In this way, he starts his own venture by perceiving that all that he supposes he knows could be the consequence of sense involvemen t, which can mislead us, as when we think the street is wet when it is just a trap of lightRead More Metaphysics Essay705 Words   |  3 PagesMetaphysics Metaphysics can be defined as an attempt to comprehend the basic characteristics of reality. It is in fact so basic that it is all inclusive, whether something is observable or not. It answers questions of what things must be like in order to exist and how to differentiate from things that seem real but are not. A common thought is that reality is defined as what we can detect from our five senses. This type of philosophy is called empiricism, which is the idea that all knowledgeRead MoreThe Spread Of Empiricism By Isaac Newton1067 Words   |  5 Pagesthese beliefs. Descartes theory regarding clockwork universe inspired others to further investigate the countless mysteries in nature. By 1687, Isaac Newton developed his Principia Mathematica, which astounded the scientific community. Newton was successful in devising simple principles to describe a massive quantity of occurrences in the natural world, using mathematical laws. Things that were previously credited to divine power could then be examined through human reason. In Descartes works, he derivedRead MoreDescartes Meditations On First Philosophy1264 Words   |  6 PagesDescartes’ Meditations on First Philosophy is a first-person record of Descartes’ descent into the bowels of disbelief, in order to eradicate all flawed belief from his life. In his first meditation, Descartes explains his argument for universal doubt, which leads him to doubt every truth he has ever established. Even the veracity of his sense perception is doubtful, as he renders those perceptions useless by arguing that in dreams, sense perceptions create the wildest of fantasies that cannot beRead MoreMartin s Aid Essay1868 Words   |  8 PagesReality George R.R. Martin, an American novelist and short-story writer, once said, â€Å"Never forget what you are, for surely the world will not. Make it your strength. Then it can never be your weakness. Armor yourself in it, and it will never be used to hurt you.† In other words, one is unique to their reality; this reality is not universal, it lingers on with one’s existence. As humans, we use our reality as a way to interact and thrive in life; it is our sword and shield that fights back at allRead MoreEssay on Consciousness As Determined Th1030 Words   |  5 Pagesconscious when awake, but unconscious when sleeping or comatose. Yet people also do things requiring perception and thought unconsciously even when they are awake. A person can be conscious of their physical surroundings, pain and even a wish or fantasy. In short a creature is conscious if it is aware of itself and that it is a physical and emotional being. Consciousness is a psychological condition defined by the English philosopher John Locke as quot;the perception of what passes in a man’s ownRead MoreDualism: Concerns and Issues Essay2086 Words   |  9 Pagescredibility of its reality. Rene Descartes, who has been often called the Father of Western Philosophy (Wikipedia Descartes), entered the scene in Europe in the 17th century. Galileo’s imprisonment and the church’s monopoly on knowledge had put a damper on scientific learning throughout Europe. This, coupled with Aristotle’s outdated theories which held much weight in the domain of science and philosophies had spread a growing sense of skepticism throughout the world. Descartes’ Meditations were

Alternative Fuels Essay Example For Students

Alternative Fuels Essay Alternative Fuel Vehicles You Can Buy TodayFrom the earliest days of the automotive industry alternative fuels have always competed with petroleum for powering vehicles. Nicholas Cugnot made the first self-powered road vehicle in 1769 with a steam engine, and the first gasoline automobile didnt appear until over 100 years later from Karl Benz. Through the late 19th and early 20th century steam and electric power remained strong contenders. The invention of the self-starter for gasoline engines by Cadillac eventually proved the undoing of the early steam cars, which required warming up. Electric cars continued to be produced for a while longer, but the expanding road network gradually made their short range of 8-15 miles between charges too inconvenient for many uses. Today we understand that the wholesale burning of petroleum cant continue forever. As the new century opens alternative fuel vehicles are becoming more and more common. Major manufacturers such as Ford, Daimler/Chrysler, and Fiat offer dual fuel cars and trucks now. These vehicles allow you to choose between gasoline and compressed natural gas (CNG) for cleaner emissions. Other large manufacturers such as General Motors, Toyota, and Honda are concentrating on electric vehicles. These global automakers are slowly moving from conventional to alternative power as the technology is developed and refined. Current battery technology allows a maximum range of about 125 miles per charge. The leading edge of electric vehicle technology is occupied by much smaller companies. Bombardier, Pivco AS, and S-LEM AG have designed small, lightweight city cars intended for daily use in dense urban environments. Corbin-Pacific and Zebra Motors have chosen to concentrate on performance. Both companies produce creditable sports cars that just happen to be electrically powered. Do you have an idea that you think will work for an alternatively powered vehicle concept? The U. S. Department of Energy invites small businesses (500 employees or less) to submit grant applications on hybrid electric vehicle technology. Applicants may receive up to $75,000 US for a Phase I grant to develop the feasibility of the idea.Hydrogen VehiclesFuel DescriptionHydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe, but is rarely found in its uncombined form on the earth. When combusted (oxidized) it creates only water vapor as a by-product (4H + O2 = 2 H20). When burned in an internal combustion engine, however, combustion also produces small amounts of nitrogen oxides and small amounts of unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide because of engine lubricants. The exhaust is free from carbon dioxide. Hydrogen is normally a gas and can be compressed and stored in cylinders. It can also be kept as a liquid, but the gas only turns liquid at temperatures of minus 423.2 degrees Fahrenheit (below zero)! Today, hydrogen is mostly obtained by cracking hydrocarbon fuels, but it can be produced by electrolysis of water (using electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen) and photolysis (chemical decomposition). The main problem with hydrogen is bulk storage required for fuel tanks. For an equivalent energy content of gasoline, liquid hydrogen and the required refrigeration system requires six to eight times more storage space than gasoline and compressed hydrogen gas requires six to ten times more storage space. Another development using hydrogen is as a blend of hydrogen and methane (natural gas) called Hythane. Preliminary information presented in mid- 1994 at the 10th World Hydrogen Energy Conference in Cocoa Beach, Florida, says that a test cars exhaust using 30 percent hydrogen and 70 percent methane contained 80 percent less nitrogen oxides than U.S. EPA standards for 2003. This blend has much higher content of hydrogen than other Hythane blends, which typically run about five percent. To learn more about hydrogen go to the Hydrogen Fuel Page. Vehicle AvailabilityThere are no vehicles currently available that use hydrogen as a fuel; however, automobile manufacturers have experimented with developing vehicles that use hydrogen. Research vehicles have been produced by Daimler-Benz, BMW and Mazda. The Mercedes-Benz and BMW vehicles use liquid hydrogen. The Mazda vehicle stores its hydrogen as a gas in a metal-hydride lattice of shaved metal. Other vehicles have been built using compressed hydrogen, including two vehicles in Arizona operated by the American Hydrogen Association. High production costs and low density have prevented hydrogens use as a transportation fuel in all but test programs. It may be 20 to 30 years or more before hydrogen is a viable transportation fuel and then perhaps only in fuel-cell-powered vehicles.What is Ethanol?Ethanol (ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, ETOH) is a clear, colorless liquid with a characteristic, agreeable odor. In dilute aqueous solution, it has a somewhat sweet flavor, but in more concentrated solutions it has a burning taste. Ethanol, CH3CH2OH, is an alcohol, a group of chemical compounds whose molecules contain a hydroxyl group, -OH, bonded to a carbon atom. Two higher blends of ethanol, E-85 and E-95 are being explored as alternative fuels in demonstration programs. Ethanol is also made into an ether, ethyltertiary-butyl ether (ETBE), that has properties of interest for oxygenated gasoline and reformulated fuels. Chemical Properties: Ethanol is ethane with a hydrogen molecule replaced by a hydroxyl radical. See the fuel properties table (PDF: 116 KB) for more information. How is Ethanol Made?There are basically eight steps in the ethanol production process: 1. Milling: The corn (or barley or wheat) will first pass through hammer mills, which grind it into a fine powder called meal. 2. Liquefaction: The meal will then be mixed with water and alpha-amylase, and will pass through cookers where the starch is liquefied. Heat will be applied at this stage to enable liquefaction. Cookers with a high temperature stage (120-150 degrees Celsius) and a lower Temperature-holding period (95 degrees Celsius) will be used. These high temperatures reduce bacteria levels in the mash. 3. Saccharification: The mash from the cookers will then be cooled and the secondary enzyme (gluco-amylase) will be added to convert the liquefied starch to fermentable sugars (dextrose), a process called saccharification. 4. Fermentation: Yeast will then be added to the mash to ferment the sugars to ethanol and carbon dioxide. Using a continuous process, the fermenting mash will be allowed to flow, or cascade, through several fermenters until the mash is fully fermented and then leaves the final tank. In a batch fermentation process, the mash stays in one fermenter for about 48 hours before the distillation process is started. 5. Distillation: The fermented mash, now called beer, will contain about 10% alcohol, as well as all the non-fermentable solids from the corn and the yeast cells. The mash will then be pumped to the continuous flow, multi-column distillation system where the alcohol will be removed from the solids and the water. The alcohol will leave the top of the final column at about 96% strength, and the residue mash, called stillage, will be transferred from the base of the column to the co-product processing area. 6. Dehydration: The alcohol from the top of the column will then pass through a dehydration system where the remaining water will be removed. Most ethanol plants use a molecular sieve to capture the last bit of water in the ethanol. The alcohol product at this stage is called anhydrous (pure, without water) ethanol and is approximately 200 proof. 7. Denaturing: Ethanol that will be used for fuel is then denatured with a small amount (2-5%) of some product, like gasoline, to make it unfit for human consumption. 8. Co-Products: There are two main co-products created in the production of ethanol: carbon dioxide and distillers grain. Carbon dioxide is given off in great quantities during fermentation and many ethanol plants collect that carbon dioxide, clean it of any residual alcohol, compress it and sell it for use to carbonate beverages or in the flash freezing of meat. Distillers grains, wet and dried, are high in protein and other nutrients and are a highly valued livestock feed ingredient. Some ethanol plants also create a syrup containing some of the solids that can be a separate production sold in addition to the distillers grain, or combined with it. Ethanol production is a no-waste process that adds value to the corn by converting it into more valuable products. Ethanol is also made from a wet-milling process. Many of the larger ethanol producers use this process, which also yields many other products, such as high fructose corn sweetner. Ethanol MarketEthanol will probably be transferred from import terminals or production facilities by barge, rail, or truck to eventually reach retail outlets. Barkha Dutt EssayFleetWise is a federal initiative to address the pollution caused by vehicle emissions and its effect on climate change. It involves a gradual phased-in increase in use of alternative fuels, such as ethanol. The Government of Canada has committed to integrating environmental considerations and sound management practices in the operation of its motor vehicles. This includes a phased-in acquisition of alternative fuel vehicles, by the year 2005. Is ethanol production energy efficient?Ethanol contains about 32,000 (high heating value) BTUs per litre. It takes about one fourth of that amount to grow the corn and about one third of that amount to process the corn in a modern ethanol production facility. Some of the processing costs should be allocated to the co-products that are produced with the ethanol. If corn farmers use state-of-the-art, energy efficient and sustainable farming techniques and ethanol plants integrate state-of-the-art production processes, the amount of energy contained in the ethanol and its co-products is more than twice the energy used to grow the corn and convert it into ethanol. How will using ethanol-blended fuels affect my vehicle?What is the effect of using ethanol-blended fuels on the manufacturers warranty of my vehicle?When the use of ethanol began in 1979, most automobile manufacturers did not even address alcohol fuels. As soon as each manufacturer tested their vehicles, they approved the use of a 10% ethanol blend. Today, all manufacturers approve the use of 10% ethanol blends, and some even recommend it for environmental reasons.Is it necessary to make changes to my vehicle in order to use ethanol-blended fuels?All cars built since the 1970s are fully compatible with up to 10% ethanol in the mixture. Will ethanol-blended fuels work in fuel-injected engines?Yes. It may be necessary to change the filter more frequently. Ethanol helps to clean out the fuel-injection system, and may aid in the maintenance of a cleaner engine.Since 1985, all ethanol blends and nearly all non-ethanol gasolines have contained detergent additives that are designed to prevent injector deposits. These detergents have been very effective in addressing this issue.Does ethanol in the fuel work as an effective gas line anti-freeze?Gas line anti-freeze contains alcohol-usually methanol, ethanol, or isopropyl, which can be used up to a 0.3% level in a cars fuel tank. All alcohols have the ability to absorb water, and therefore condensation in the fuel system is absorbed and does not have the opportunity to collect and freeze. If an ethanol blend contains 10% ethanol, it is able to absorb more water than a small bottle of isopropyl, and eliminates the need and expense of adding a gas line anti-freeze.Will ethanol burn valves?Ethanol will not burn engine valves. In fact, ethanol burns cooler than gasoline. Ethanol high-powered racing engines use pure alcohol for that reason. Will using ethanol-blended fuels plug the fuel filters in my vehicle?Ethanol can loosen contaminants and residues that have been deposited by previous gasoline fills. These can collect in the fuel filter. This problem has happened occasionally in older cars, and can easily be corrected by changing fuel filters.Symptoms of a plugged fuel filter will be hesitation, missing, and a loss of power. Once your cars fuel system is clean, you will notice improved performance.Can I mix fuels?Yes. All gasolines in Canada (including low-level ethanol blends) must meet the specifications of the Canadian General Standards Board (CGSB). They are all interchangeable. What is the effect of using ethanol-blended fuels on fuel economy?Changes in fuel economy are minimal. While a 10% ethanol blend contains about 97% of the energy of pure gasoline, this is compensated by the fact that the combustion efficiency of the ethanol-blended fuel is increased. The net result is that most consumers do not detect a difference in their fuel economy, although many people using ethanol-blended fuels have said that their fuel economy has improved.Can ethanol-blended fuels be used in ATVs, chainsaws or other power or recreational equipment?Yes. An ethanol blend may be used anywhere that unleaded gasoline is used. Farmers, cities, counties, and rural electric co-op fleets, plus snowmobile racers and fishing guides in the U.S. use ethanol blends exclusively with no performance problems. Adjustments may be required for air intake. It is important to consult your owners manual.Is it safe to handle fuel ethanol blends?The WHMIS Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) reveals that the properties of ethanol blends are substantially the same as conventional gasoline blends. Occupational health and safety risks presented by the use of ethanol gasoline do not appear to be any different than those posed by conventional gasoline blends. Do ethanol blends need special handling or storage?Only in special circumstances. The gasoline marketer should pump any accumulated water from the storage tank, and add a final filter to the dispensing hose. It is wise also to check seasonally used small engines such as chainsaws and outboard motors (which are more susceptible to water contamination) for the presence of water, and drain the tank if necessary.What are the alternatives to ethanol as an oxygenate? How do they compare?MethanolMethanol is a derivative of natural gas. It is less expensive to produce than ethanol but is highly corrosive, more volatile than ethanol, and more damaging to plastic and rubber fuel system components (elastomers). It also requires a co-solvent (usually ethanol). Ethanol provides better water tolerance than methanol.MTBEMTBE (Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether) is a high octane, low volatility, oxygenated fuel component made by combining methanol and isobutylene from oil refineries. It is not as sensitive to water as the alcohols, and does not increase the volatility of most gasolines. It is known to have a very distinct odor. It is non-corrosive and relatively low-priced. It is currently the most widely used oxygenate, but is derived from a non-renewable resource. ETBEETBE (Ethyl Tertiary Butyl Ether) has properties similar to MTBE, but is produced by combining ethanol (derived from a renewable resource) and isobutylene.TAME and TAEETAME (Tertiary Amyl Methyl Ether) and TAEE (Tertiary Amyl Ethyl Ether) are complex methyl and ethyl ethers, respectively. They are relatively new and have similar characteristics to MTBE and ETBE.How much fuel ethanol is being produced?Canadas current annual ethanol production, for all markets (1998) is approximately 234 million litres a year. With additional proposed development of ethanol production plants, Canadian potential production in the next few years is at 664 million litres per year.How much fuel ethanol is being used?It is difficult to ascertain current levels of fuel ethanol use in Canada. In the U.S. , it now represents about 9% of total gasoline sales, or the equivalent of the total Canadian gasoline consumption. Over two trillion kilometres have been traveled using fuel ethanol blends.Who produces alcohol Mohawk Oil Canada Ltd., Minnedosa, Manitoba (Capacity = 10 million litres); ? Pound-Maker Agventures, Ltd. , Lanigan, Saskatchewan (Capacity = 12 million litres); ? Commercial Alcohols Inc., Tiverton, Ontario (Capacity = 23 million litres); ? Commercial Alcohols Inc., Chatham, Ontario (Capacity = 150 million litres); ? Agri-Partners International, Inc. (API), Alberta (Capacity = 22 million litres); ? Tembec, Temiscaming, Quebec (Capacity = 17 million litres). Additional proposed development of ethanol production plants includes those by? Seaway Grain Processors, Inc., Cornwall, Ontario (Capacity = 66 million litres); ? Commercial Alcohols, Inc., Varennes, Quebec (Capacity = 150 million litres); ? Commercial Alcohols Inc.s Chatham plant plans to expand by another 150 million litres; ? Metalore Resources Inc. is continuing development on a wheat-based ethanol production facility. Who sells ethanol-blended fuels? Where can I purchase them?Across Canada, there are approximately 950 retailers of ethanol-blended fuels (July, 1998), excluding those who are not listed with the Canadian Renewable Fuels Association.Mohawk Oil is presently selling ethanol blends at over 290 stations in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, the Yukon and Northern Ontario. Across southern Ontario, UPI Inc. retails ethanol blends at over 60 UPI Inc., FS and Co-op gasbars and cardlocks. They are available in all grades of gasoline and for on-farm delivery. On January 1, 1998, Sunoco Inc. launched ethanol-enhanced fuels at all its 275 retail outlets in Ontario. In eastern Ontario and western Quebec, MacEwen Petroleum Inc. is retailing ethanol blends at over 60 locations. Fuel ethanol retailing has expanded into Quebec with over 100 Sonic stations and other independent retail outlets. Other companies that have joined in the retailing of ethanol-blended fuels include Mr. Gas, Pioneer Petroleum, Frances Fuels, Stinson Petroleum and Sunys.

The Effect of Drugs on the Rock and Roll Culture free essay sample

While drugs may have helped great works of art to be enjoyed by many, drugs are ultimately responsible for many untimely deaths of many great artists, who died before we could truly see their potential. The sass were an era unlike any other in American history both culturally and politically. Many new changes were being made at this time in our government, and with several tragic events occurring in what seemed to be a series of events (the assassination of JEFF, the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jar. And Vietnam), the styles of music during this time often reflected the motions of people. The lyrics of the music of the time were changing from simple love songs, to harsh songs about topics such as rebellion, protest, sex, and more increasingly, drugs. As psychedelic drugs became more and more popular in America, bands such as the Jefferson Airplane and The Grateful Dead saw an immense increase in their number of fans, due to large amounts of people who had an affinity for this new, jam rock style of music which was very popular with the psychedelic drug scene (American Culture: 1960-1969). Many artists at the time were coming out with albums dedicated o drugs, or albums whose content was about drugs. One such album was The Beetles SST. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band, which, in addition to including drug-oriented songs, presented a body of interrelated pieces that constituted an organic whole. This is considered the first concept album. In a concept album, all songs contribute to a single effect or unified story.The Beetles album was often considered to have been the first concept album, primarily because the title song occurring in two versions, wraps around the rest of the album like bookends; however, most of the songs on that album re actually unrelated to one another (Rock Music: The late 1 sass and sasss: rocks golden age). These new concept albums would come to dominate music over the next 10-15 years, as many new artists came to surface with music that mixed with drugs, and often provided fatal results.During the sass and sass, the influence of drugs in musical culture was at its peak. Woodstock; a three-day public concert that became notorious worldwide as a concert protesting the Vietnam War, was heavily saturated with drug usage. During this time period, some of the most gifted musicians f the last 50 years died to drug related problems. Those who were not dead by drug overdose, such as David Bowie and Alice Cooper became more popular due to their increasingly bizarre and drug fueled stage antics. Artists at the time had been in tune to the restlessness of American college students, their primary audience, and had used their audiences willingness to accept new ideas and new things as a way of promoting the rock and roll lifestyle of free love, new music, and of course, drugs. Many great musical masterpieces were produced during this time, as concept albums, such as The Whos Tommy, and Pink Floods The Dark Side of the Moon.Both of these albums proved to be wildly popular to both the bands fan following as well as the mainstream public, as rock music and drug usage seemed to blend together, and were becoming more accepted by the public as the norm (Tomorrow Never Knows: Rock Music Psychedelics in the 1 sass). Although everything so far seems alright; things take a turn for the worse. It unfortunately took a few tragic deaths to derail the change in public opinion that was happening at this time.The deaths of superstars such as Janis Joplin (a famous and aliened singer who was a star at Woodstock, died of a heroin overdose), Jim Morrison (lead singer Of The Doors, died after a heart attack brought On by drug abuse), and Jim Hendrix (considered to be one of, if not, the greatest guitarist of all time, death by choking after barbiturate abuse), brought a shock to the music culture, as seemingly more and more musicians were dying due to the abuse of drugs, day after day.It seemed as if the music and drug cultures were slowly drifting away from each other and out of the mainstream spotlight, until the 1 sass when several ewe deaths involving musicians and drugs came into the limelight. Kurt Cabin considered by many to be the most talented musician of the last 15 years, committed suicide by shotgun, after using extremely high amounts of heroin. This event came as a shock to almost everyone not only in the music and drug worlds, but everywhere because Nirvana (Cabins band) was becoming internationally known, partially the reason for Cabins suicide.Heroin was an inspiration for Cabin, and while it may have helped him to produce his music, it ultimately lead him into the pitfalls of depression and caused the death of a great musician, and the breakup of an excellent, growing, young band with limitless possibilities. Another death that occurred in the 1 adds due to drug overdose was Bradley Newell, the lead singer of popular southern California band Sublime, who died of a heroin overdose.Sublime was another band with great possibilities to become a lasting force in the music industry, however, Newell decided to destroy himself and his family by forming a deadly habit. Many of the deaths that occurred in the sass concerning drugs and rock and roll were mostly in the sass, a result of oppression and heroin abuse, as heroin usage became increasingly popular with the mid-ass grunge movement, and more and more musicians starting to do it. The 1 sass and 1 sass were both eras of change and protest, just in a different light. The sass were an era of psychedelic drug usage, where musicians were outgoing, and held jam fests and large outdoor festival concerts, where the usage of drugs was permitted and most often encouraged. In the sass, music fans and musicians were using drugs as a way of protest and inspiration; however, the sass were a different case. In he sass, musicians often kept to themselves, as most deaths were due to a lethal mix of depression and previous mental problems and the addiction to dangerous street drugs such as heroin and cocaine (Sex, Drugs N Rock Roll? Nah).While the sass were an era of freedom, where individuals were encouraged to express themselves and live freely, the 1 sass and following were an era of oppression, where everyone was put together as one big piece, and in order for people to break free from this piece and establish themselves, they must do something groundbreaking or different than what is typically expected. Music and drugs have always been intertwined; however , this relationship has differed over time due to changes in the cultural and political atmosphere Of the area during the time where sad music was created.

Barack Obama - Knox College Commencement Address free essay sample

The Only Good Indian

The Only Good Indian In the years from 1887, the United States Federal government began a process of assimilating the native Indians in the land to the American culture. This paper aims to describe the assimilation policy and the interrelation s between the slogan â€Å"Kill the Indian and Save the Man†, the film, â€Å"The Only Good Indian†, and the assimilation policy advocated by Captain Pratt.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Only Good Indian specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The aspects of the assimilation policy can be approached from three perspectives, the film perspective, Captain Pratt’s perspective, and the slogan, â€Å"Kill the Indian, Save the Man†. The assimilation policy was a policy that aimed to completely kill the Indian culture and replace it with the American culture by taking the young children to American-style schools. In the movie, â€Å"The Only Good Indian†, the main charact er is a young boy, Charlie; who is kidnapped from his family and taken to the Haskell Indian Industrial (Trade) School to be trained in the American culture. The school is depicted as a hell hole where the children are treated with disrespect and forced to abandon their culture, by being beaten, raped, and tortured. Therefore, the assimilation policy depicted in the school is one of torture and forced culture change. The use of Bram Stoker’s Dracula in the film is also used to depict the assimilation policy in a different way. Though the Americans argued that they were enlightening the children, the main character likens school administrators to the blood sucking vampire in the book by Bram Stoker. Therefore, the book is used to show the White people as a soul sucking people instead of the saviors of the Indian people. However, the children who were forced to assimilate the American culture were not fully accepted into the culture. This is depicted by the other main character in the movie, Sam, who is a self made private investigator who brings Charlie  back when he escapes from the school. Sam is treated as a fugitive by the Americans and ends up being pursued together with Charlie. The assimilation policy described by Captain Pratt is one where the Native American culture is killed and replaced by the American culture. This relates to both the film theme and the slogan because they all described a situation where the Indian spirit is killed, and replaced by the American culture. This means that Captain Pratt’s assimilation policy encourages the forceful replacement of the Indian culture with the American culture by taking the Native American young to school and forcing them to learn the American culture.

Cba Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cba - Research Paper Example It does not inflict social change directly, but can influence an agency to inflict the change indirectly. On the other hand, Participatory Action Research applies a more democratic approach in inflicting social change through service improvement. The participants in this form of inquiry constitute of a community group as opposed to Appreciative Inquiry’s work team or agency (Creswell, 2014). In short, it directly addresses community concerns, thus the outcomes contribute to social change directly. In health care it can be applied in devising evidence which can be used in sustaining and supporting action research projects, as the following study text highlights. In their article, Appreciating and Developing Compassionate Care in an Acute Hospital Setting Caring for Older People, Belinda Dewar and Richard Mackay seek to address the factors which would boost the culture of caring in health care. Their overall objective is to devise systematic practices which can act as realistic models which will enhance the offering of compassionate care in the future. The article is a research in which the reasons which may contribute to offering of better compassionate care are discussed. In its approach, the article involves support staff and patients, and is therefore more of an Appreciative Inquiry than it is a Participatory Action Research. Dewar and Mackay (2010) state that there is an increased concern with regards to the provision of effective compassionate care in the health care fraternity. This they point at the growing feeling that nurses are becoming inconsistent, and that complains about the quality of care provided. They also highlight the ne ed for care which is person-centered, and collectively strengthening the climate for provision. The cultural issues surrounding the adoption and implementation of a mitigation approach include lack of the will to

Theories surrounding the War on Terrorism shouldn't be so be Term Paper

Theories surrounding the War on Terrorism shouldn't be so be complicated-Critical Analysis - Term Paper Example From a Foucauldian perspective, it could be argued that no theorization is ultimate and all theories are essentially characterized by the presence of existing power structures and power balance within. International relations theory too is a field of discourse which corresponds to existing power structures and modes of knowledge production. When we challenge the unity, coherence and self-evidence of such theories from the perspective of actual sufferings and miseries of people who come in contact with the war on terror, the central postulates of these theories begin to collapse. The purpose of the paper is to critically examine the dominant theories in international relations against the context of the ongoing war on terror. The paper would give a general overview of the major theoretical assertions by different schools in a nutshell and would try to show that how limited and dogmatic they are in characterizing the war on terror. Moreover, an attempt to have a glance at the ways thro ugh which dominant international relations theories reproduces the prevailing schemas, power structures an inequalities is also the aim of the paper. Besides, some of the Gramscian tool will also be used in paper for deconstructing the actual forces behind the war on terror. II. ... At present, many theorists from across the leading schools support war on terror based on many dubious arguments. In classical realism, order and stability are the determining factor of any global order based on nation state system. Change is considered as the accumulation of more capabilities and resources. The classic realist analysis of Iraq War is seen as a powers struggle between Saddam’s regime and American empire for establishing hegemony in the Middle East. The War on Terror, from a classic realist point of view, is nothing but geopolitical strategic game. The neorealist theories see hegemony as the product of the increasing concentration of power and capabilities with a single state or a coalition of willing states. Such a situation is marked for the ability of that single state or coalition to manipulate the whole global system for the protections of their narrow geopolitical interests. Neorealism therefore would see the war on terror as a result of growing unipolari ty in the post cold war world where the United States and the NATO could attack any dissident countries at will. Moreover, the war on terror would be seen as an attempt by the hegemonic powers to maximize their control of raw materials and flows of capital and goods. Especially, war on terror was waged for protecting the American interests on the gulf oil. Structural realism is of the view that no amount of power is enough in securing stability and order in a chaotic international system which is characterized by the absence of legitimate global governance structures. Great powers have to deal with the emerging powers that could potentially challenge their powers from the very beginning itself. The notion of pre-emptive strike is

Write about ( father divine ) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Write about ( father divine ) - Essay Example William Randolph Hearst criticized the movement as being a cult. Hearst criticized it for making its followers end their relationships with their relatives, sexual misconduct attributed to the movement and for the kidnappings associated with the church. In 1942, Divine was charged for allegations of illegal acquisition of property that had been entrusted to him. Divine is an iconic figure however for his work in fighting racism. He frequently collided with the authorities for his push for the black empowerment. He influenced his church into political action and supported the Communist. He fought for the end of racial segregation when segregation was at its peak. He faced several charges for his fight against racism. Divine faced charges in 1914 of insanity and was sentenced for one year for being a public nuisance in Sayville. All the accounts were because of his fight against racism. Before his death, Divine wrote to Lyndon Johnson appreciating him for supporting the Civil Rights Act of 1965. Boccella, Kathy. At Gladwyne Mansion, Memories Of Father Divine Live On. The Inquirer. April 17, 2011. Web. December 8, 2014. Accessed from, http://articles.philly.com/2011-04-17/news/29427924_1_father-divine-divine-tracy-hotel-mother-divine Father Divine. Dates From 1876 Pertaining To the Work and Mission of Father Divine. Father Divine’s International Peace Mission Movement. 2014. Web. December 8, 2014. Accessed from:

Changing Nutritional Requirements for Children

Changing Nutritional Requirements for Children HEALTH PROMOTION AND DEVELOPMENT UNIT Ubah A adan 1. The food for babies in the United Kingdom is normally set on particular guidelines, which must be followed in order for the babies to develop in a normal and healthy way. The First six months. Infant normally feed on breast milk or infant formula. For the first six months breast milk is most nutritious and highly recommended. It contains a unique mix of fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, lactose, amino acid, enzymes and others. Important factors that combine they make perfect food for babies, its nutritious and easy for digestion. It has every thing baby needs, Brain development, healthy growth and protection from illnesses. If the mother chooses not breastfeed the baby, best option available is infant formula. Introducing solid food to the baby should only start after six months. It’s recommended by health practitioners and also the government policy in the UK, but if the baby feels hungry so often weaning can start before six months but only with foods recommended by an infant nutritionist. There are foods which must be avoided at all cost for example: shellfish eggs fish liver nuts wheat and gluten seeds unpasteurised and soft cheese salt sugar honey and whole nuts 6 to 9 months When the weaning is started a baby’s diet should include the following types of foods: milk and dairy fruit and vegetables meat and fish egg and beans pasta and rice starchy foods There are many types of prepared baby foods and cereals that have been specially designed for babies, but these foods can also be easily prepared and pureed at home with the use of a food blender, frozen individually into ice cube trays and used as needed. 9 months + The recommended guidelines for servings of solid food portions at this age are: 2 servings per day of meat, fish, eggs or pulses 3-4 servings per day of fruits and vegetables 3-4 servings per day of potatoes, bread and rice Formula or breast milk can still be given along with healthy fruit and cereal snacks. VITAMINS The Department of Health advises that although children should get the required amount of vitamins from their food, they may be lacking in vitamin A, C and D which can be supplemented in the form of vitamin drops. Vitamin A: helps children to see in dim light, supports and strengthens the immune system, and ensures healthy skin is maintained. Vitamin C: helps with the absorption of iron, and supports the immune system. Vitamin D: helps to strengthen bones, and assists with the absorption of calcium. 2. TYPES OF FOOD THAT SHUOLD BE AVOIDED BY YOUNG CHILDREN There are many different food types which are considered to be unsuitable for babies and young children. Parents and childcare providers must be very careful the food that is cooked for the children, and the once that is ready made. SALT Babies don’t need salt. Their kidneys are too immature to cope with any added salt; even the small amount of salt can damage their kidneys. Therefore salt should never be added to any food that is cooked for a baby. The guidelines provided by the food standards Agency for salt consumption for children are: HONEY Honey contains bacteria which can produce toxin in a baby’s intestine leading to infant botulism which is a very serious illness. It’s best not to give babies honey until they over 1 year old. Honey is a sugar so avoiding it will also help to prevent tooth decay. SUGAR Baby doesn’t need sugar by avoiding it you will prevent tooth delay and unnecessary weight gain. Sugar causes tooth decay in young children and can be easily prevented. By avoiding sugary drinks and snakes you will help to prevent tooth decay. Children should be encouraged to drink milk and water. NUTS Whole nuts including peanuts should not be given to the children under the age of five, as they can choke on them. As long as there is no history of food allergies or other allergies in the baby’s family they can consume peanuts once they are six months old as long as they are crushed or grounded. LOW FAT FOODS Fat is an important source of calories and some vitamins for babies and young children. It’s better for babies and young children under 2 to have full fat milk, yogurts and cheeses. After the age of two; amount of fat in diet can be gradually decreased. EGGS Eggs can be given to children over the age of 6 months, yolks and whites should be well cooked to reduce the risk of salmonella infection. RAW SHELLFISH Raw shellfish can increase the risk of food poisoning and are considered to be potentially allergenic foods it also harbours salmonella bacteria. So it’s best to avoid it. SWORDFISH, SHARK AND MARLIN It is best to avoid these foods as the amount of mercury in these fish can affect a baby’s growing nervous system. 3. SPECIAL DIETARY REQUIREMEN AND CULTURAL REQUIREMENTS When children come together at meal or snack time everyone should be eating the same foods. However, there are some circumstances in which some children cannot eat the same foods. For example of some special dietary needs including: Sugar in all forms may be limited for a diabetic child. Fats and cholesterol may be limited for overweight children. Specific foods or additive may cause allergic reactions in some children. Cultural or religious preference may restrict specific foods. Any dietary needs should be identified and documented and it’s important that staffs are trained in the importance of sticking to these needs or restrictions. Some food allergies can be life threatening all staff should know the specific food or ingredient restrictions, possible consequences and symptoms of food reactions and recommended first aid. Any dietary requirements should be gained from parents and recorded and any food allergies documentation should be request from the child’s doctor. Some children in child care have cultural and religious food preferences the child care provider and the parents need to work together in order to make sure that children with especial dietary needs receive appreciate foods. Examples of some cultural and religion practice: When recording special dietary requirements, there are many types of information that should be documented for example: child’s name parents name and address emergency contact emergency instructions should ingestion of an allergic food occur necessary medication doctor or health professionals name address, telephone number parental and childcare provider signature In the case of emergency medication being required the childcare provider should have this information documented on a separate medical form and keep the medication in a locked container. A Child record form for a new child joining a home at child care setting with specific dietary requirement may look as followed: 4. CHILDHOOD CHRONIC DISEASES There are many health problems during infant and childhood, but mostly they are mild and they do not interfere with their daily life and development. For some children however chronic health conditions affect everyday life throughout their childhood, Including asthma, diabetes, cystic fibrosis and cerebral palsy. 1. ASTHMA Asthma is a long term condition that can cause a cough, wheezing and breathlessness. The severity of the symptoms is different from person to person. Approximately 1 in 10 children being affected asthma in the UK. The cause of asthma is not fully understood, however trigger can bring symptoms of asthma, and anything that irritates the airways brings on symptoms of asthma. These are different from person to person and people with asthma may have several triggers. Triggers include house dust, animal fur, pollen, tobacco smoke and others. Asthma is caused by inflammation of the airways these are the small tubes called bronchi which carry air in and out of the lungs. If you have asthma the bronchi will be flamed and will be more sensitive than normal. Asthma may also affect children emotionally as the attacks may be frightening them. 2. DIABETES Diabetes is life long conditions that cause persons blood sugar level to become too high. In the UK approximately 2.8million people are affected by diabetes. There are two types of diabetes type 1 and type 2. *Type1 is usually diagnosed in adolescence and is controlled insulin injections. * Type 2 is usually diagnosed in adulthood and is controlled by diet and tablets. Symptoms common to both types of diabetes are weight loss, feeling very tired and feeling very thirsty and urinating frequency. 3. CYSTIC FIBROSIS Cystic fibrosis is a genetic condition in which lungs and digestive system become clogged with the thick sticky mucus. Symptoms start in early childhood and include cough, chest infections and poor weight. There is no cure for cystic fibrosis so the aim of the treatment is to ease the symptoms and make the condition easier to live with. Treatments include therapies, diet, medication, exercise and physiotherapy to remove mucus from the lungs. 4. CEREBRAL PALSY Cerebral palsy is a general term covering a number of neurological conditions that effect a child’s movements and coordination. Neurological conditions affect the brain and nervous system. Cerebral palsy is caused by damage to the brain which normally occurs before, during or soon after birth. It is estimated that 1 in every 400 children in UK is effected by Cerebral palsy. Cerebral palsy can put a great deal of strain on the body which can cause problems in later life. There is no cure cerebral palsy but the many of treatment can help relieve symptoms and increase child’s independent and self-esteem. These include physiotherapy, occupational therapy and medications. GUIDED ACTIVITY https://osclinks.com/84 https://osclinks.com/85 https://osclinks.com/86 https://osclinks.com/87 https://osclinks.com/88 https://osclinks.com/89 https://osclinks.com/90 https://osclinks.com/91 https://osclinks.com/92 https://osclinks.com/93 https://osclinks.com/94

Citizenship, Political Liberalism and the National Curriculum Essay

Citizenship, Political Liberalism and the National Curriculum I shall maintain in this essay that the civic education proposed in the new National Curriculum subject called Citizenship is not in harmony with the educational aims and principles stated in The Education Reform Act, 1988, in which the National Curriculum itself was established. I shall argue further that the present institutional arrangements for the whole of education are contrary to the spirit of the civic education outlined in Citizenship. To pursue the argument I shall draw on John Rawls’ insight that, in a modern democracy such as that in the UK, the idea of a democratic state with a single generally agreed moral or religious doctrine is no longer useful. In Political Liberalism he writes about this notion: That conception of social unity is excluded by the fact of reasonable pluralism; it is no longer a political possibility for those who accept the constraints of liberty and toleration of democratic institutions. (p.201) He uses the notion of justice as fairness to indicate how the state may deal justly with its citizens in a pluralist society. He defines justice as fairness in terms of two principles of justice. The first is that all people must have the same political rights and liberties. The second principle is that of equality of opportunity. Rawls then restricts the sphere of influence of these principles to that of political, social and economic institutions. This position he calls ‘political liberalism’. He maintains that this political liberalism should be seen as a freestanding moral system applicable only to political, social and economic institutions. This is somewhat difficult to swallow if only in terms of exactly how this limit... ...ply to all pupils. Pupils do not receive the same civic education. Fourth, the institutions are not freely available in terms of fair competition although both systems are state controlled. If, therefore, equality of opportunity is indeed One of a broad set of common values and purposes which underpin the school curriculum and the work of the school as the Secretary of State claims, then I submit that both our current National Curriculum and our current institutional arrangements are not in line with this value, and that, therefore, the aims of Citizenship are unlikely to be realised. Bibliography RAWLS, J. (1996) Political Liberalism, Columbia University Press, New York, Chicago, Chichester Education Reform Act 1988: Secretary of State’s Preface and opening sections National Curriculum Values 2002 Citizenship, Programme of Study Key Stage 4

Movement in Architecture

Motion in Architecture How can the Architectural Promenade Create Experiences Which Heighten Our Connection to Construct Environment? â€Å"I see obviously how external images influence the image that I call my organic structure: they transmit motion to it.And I besides see how this organic structure influences external images: it gives back motion to them.† – Henri Bergson Contentss Contentss Glossary Introduction Motion of Body in Space Decision Making In Movement Formulation of Movement Criteria Illustrations MentionsGlossaryMotion The act or procedure of traveling people or things from one topographic point or place to another. Architectural Promenade The experience of walking through a edifice. The complex web of thoughts which underpins Le Corbusier’s work, most specifically his belief in architecture as a signifier of induction. [ 1 ] Emanation An organized group or line of people or vehicles that move together easy as portion of a ceremonial. Parkour The activity or athletics of traveling quickly through an country, typically in an urban environment, negociating obstructions by running, jumping, and mounting.IntroductionThis paper seeks to research how, through design designers can heighten the users experience in the built environment through motion and the architectural promenade. Our organic structures are an inordinately good designed mechanism and an astoundingly complex piece of technology. It has been advanced and enhanced through development – and we are intended to travel. The environment we choose to bring forth around this chef-d'oeuvre merits the topmost imaginable degree of consideration. The manner we inhabit the reinforced environment replicates our capableness and the longing for our organic structures to travel and brood. Architecture has ever been designed with motion in head, whether it is knowing or unwilled. This thesis aims to analyze and uncover the legion ways our organic structures move within the built environment and look into how architecture and design can suit or order human motion. The focal point of my survey will be on the design of museums as this provides a great penetration into the ways worlds move and make determinations within the reinforced environment. From the public place to the bosom of the exhibition infinites, museums provide a phase for human motion within architecture.Motion of Body in SpaceHarmonizing to Robert Yudell the interaction between the sphere of our organic structures and the sphere of our home topographic points is invariably in gesture. Whether we are cognizant or inexperienced person of this procedure, our organic structures and our motions are in eternal duologue with our edifices. The critical interaction of organic structure signifier and motion with architecture deserves our careful attending as designers. [ 2 ] Motion and emanation has been cardinal to the preparation of the built environment dating as far back as antediluvian Egypt, Greece and Roman architecture. In peculiar when it comes to sacred or ritual infinites. Many of the techniques designers use in modern twenty-four hours design to advance motion day of the month back to the methods used in the yesteryear. For illustration in the Temple of Khons in ancient Egypt the usage of visible radiation, threshold and fluctuation in degrees non merely defined the infinite but besides the emanation through the infinite. Architects such as Philip Johnson and Le Corbusier have studied this emanation or promenade to make more piquant architecture in modern times. Through promotion in engineerings adult male is â€Å"moving† faster and farther than of all time before, but this motion is chiefly a inactive experience unlike the piquant architecture of Le Corbusier in early modernist times. Our organic structures are being moved or propelled in infinite instead than physically traveling ourselves. In kernel we are really sing less active motion in the horizontal and perpendicular planes than of all time before. Yudell describes this as frozen and drifting organic structures. This construct differentiates between the self- motion of a organic structure or the displaced organic structure that is moved by other agencies such as a vehicle or lift. We rely on the displaced motion of our organic structures to go greater distance but one may oppugn if we are going excessively reliant on these methods and as such going brainsick or alienated from our environments as we simply pass through infinite by mechanical agencies. The Futurist Movement is an utmost illustration of this disaffection from the universe and our experience of architecture around us. One of their visions promised entire freedom of life on an space gridded platform into which we may stop up for energy, information or alimentary demands. This scenario nevertheless embodies a clear denial of the demand for the interaction of organic structure and architecture. It provides no landmarks, no stimulation, no phases, and no Centres. [ 3 ] Changes in engineering has meant that some of these futurist thoughts have been implemented at a smaller degree. Our motion within the built environment has become progressively inactive due to ordinances for handiness and in some instances for pure convenience. It is our occupation as designers to turn to this deficiency of battle and inactive motion within the built environment by making a promenade that encourages motion and geographic expedition in our milieus.Decision Making In MovementLe Corbusierâ⠂¬â„¢s premier motivation when designing was to aid people in the procedure of â€Å"savoir habiter† , cognizing how to populate [ 4 ] and it was his sentiment that the architectural promenade would be designed to â€Å"resensitise† people to their milieus. [ 5 ] In planing in this manner buildings become a series of experiences, get downing with the attack from the street, tract or square and pulling a individual indoors and in along a series of experiences in infinite. In a manner the designer becomes a type of choreographer, making infinites which anticipate a person’s motion. It creates a duologue non merely between people and the reinforced environment but besides amongst other people. Le Corbusier strived to make infinites where people would be prompted to utilize their memory, analysis, concluding and finally formation of an grasp of his architecture, obliging them to convey their ain experience to the edifice, making something wholly new. He endeavoured to make a model in which people could populate their ain lives and do their ain determinations whilst ordering really strongly precisely what that model should be. This paradox is what makes Le Corbusier’s work so interesting. It is one of the most confusing issues of architectural pattern ; how can an architect design infinites that encourage motion without curtailing the individuals free motion within the infinite. Le Corbusier tried ( non ever successfully ) to turn to how other people may see his edifices and to underscore the message that edifices were considered as unfinished without people and their experience within. In a less formal scene in Mikkel Rugaard’s â€Å"Street Movement† in Denmark ( which originated as a Parkour preparation company ) has attempted to turn to the thought of planing for freedom of motion and look in the reinforced environment. Rugaard attempts to specify infinites, milieus and objects in the reinforced environment to do certain they become inspirational and invitational towards physical activity and motion without compromising the architectural vision and aesthetic value. Rugaard notes that planing for motion successfully is easy but what becomes more complex and challenging is the add-on of different people who are go throughing through these infinites and how the map of those non take parting in parkour additions the complexness of design. [ 6 ] The Gugenheim Museum in New York designed by Frank Lloyd Wright in 1959 is an illustration of a edifice that is clearly designed with a really controlled motion or promenade laid out within the edifice. The raging paseo guides the visitant up through the edifice go arounding through the whole exhibition infinite. There is no determination devising in this procedure but instead the visitant is led in one way ether up or down through the exhibition infinite. It is my purpose to analyze through instance surveies how motion can be achieved in a more intuitive manner instead than the forced nature of Frank Lloyd Wright’s work in the Guggenheim in New York. In a manner the controlling nature of the promenade within the Guggenheim is differs little from the control of motion within the futurist ideals. The visitant is non being engaged with the architecture but instead is being brought in a certain controlled way.Formulation of Movement CriteriaIn order to analyze how motion can be c ontrolled in a museum puting it is necessary to put up a standard by which I will analyze a figure of instance surveies. This has been chiefly determined by the work of Le Corbusier and the architectural promenade. He believed that the undertaking of designers was to react to the interior â€Å"sounding board† of the human organic structure and act upon it to originate a response in the signifier of action. [ 7 ] Analyzing the standard he used focal points on the ways in which architecture can ease this procedure and as such act as a call for motion. Believing as he did that the organic structure plays a chief portion in the soaking up of cognition Le Corbusier developed a series of techniques to incorporate this procedure. Deducing from his roof of the mouth of centripetal experiences, beat, coloring material, visible radiation and touch, he choreographed sequences of infinites that would arouse a response at the most instinctual degree. In his early work modulating lines were used to direct these distinguishable messages to the head, following this the modular adult male would lend to this project. Light and dark would add a farther degree to the stage dancing of the promenade by playing to the edifice user physiologically through the power of symbolism. I will endeavor to analyze farther how the undermentioned sensory factors play a portion in modern architecture where engineering and even the promotion of light control can play a portion in the design and stage dancing of the modern promenade.Rhythms of the BodyScaleSoundLightColoring materialCentripetal StimulationOn a basic degree Le Corbusier’s promenade consists of a series of experiences in infinite utilizing texture visible radiation, memory and associations which provoke action but there is a more intricate combination of these which needs to be examined. It is how the usage of these elements together which formulates the true promenade in his edifices. Le Corbusier’s edifices can be examined from a set group of elements of his promenade but non every edifice can be examined with respect to this expression ( threshold, sensitizing anteroom, oppugning, reorientation and apogee ) therefore I have set myself the undertaking of making my ain expression or group of elements that will help my scrutiny of motion through museum infinite from past to show. It is from analyzing these standards against current theoretical accounts of museum design will help my quest to make a more piquant and geographic expedition promoting edifice to animate people to travel and interact with their milieus instead than the somewhat displaced relationship we presently have with our environment.IllustrationsPageFigureBeginning1Cover ImageAlexander Straulino – My First Lightbox6Figure 1Produced By Writer6Figure 2Ibid6Figure 3Ibid7Figure 4My Playground – Kasparworks9Figure 5Ibid9Figure 6Flavie A.Iteration Type A( 2009 )MentionsSamuel F. Le Corbusier & A ; the Architectural Promenade. Sheffield: Birkhauser 2010 Kent C. Bloomer, Charles W. Moore, Robert J. Yudell Body Memory & A ; Architecture. New Haven and London: Yale University Press 1977 Le Corbusier. The Marseille Block. London: Harville 1953 Menin S. & A ; Samuel F. Nature & A ; Space: Aalto and Le Corbusier. London: Routledge 2003 The Parkour Architect, picture, Flow-The Pakour Kommunity, 7 October 2012, viewed 31 October 2014 & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.youtube.com/watch? v=sLWfRzgo__4 & A ; NR=1 & gt ;

Seven Writing Tips from Stephen King

Seven Writing Tips from Stephen King Seven Writing Tips from Stephen King Seven Writing Tips from Stephen King By Daniel Scocco You probably know Stephen King from his novels and fiction books. While King might not be as renowned as some other contemporary writers, he does know how to sell books. The Positivity Blog recently published an article with Seven writing tips coming from Stephen Kings On Writing. Here is a quotation from point four: King has an honest voice in his fiction and in his memoir. He tells it like it is and makes us relate to him and his characters. Since King ´s fiction often is of an odd kind with strange plots that seldom happen to normal people I think one of his strengths as a writer is being able to write relatable content anyway. One of the keys to doing that is to have an honest voice and honest characters with both bad and good sides to them. People we can relate to with all of their faults, passions, fears, weaknesses and good moments. King ´s characters seem human. That creates a strong connection to the reader who starts caring about the characters. Another key to being honest and relatable is keeping a conversational style. Keeping it simple and using language that isn’t unnecessarily complicated. Using the words that first come to mind. If you are wondering, the seven writing tips are: Get to the point Write a draft. Then let it rest Cut down your text Be relatable and honest Don ´t care too much what others may think Read a lot Write a lot Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Idioms About NumbersTime Words: Era, Epoch, and EonDozen: Singular or Plural?

Free Essays on Thales

Thales is the father of ancient Greek philosophy insofar as he was the first that raised the point that a material substance explains all the natural phenomena. He was born about 624 BCE in Miletus and he considered the founder of the Ionian School, also called the Milesian school. Thales was an avid traveler as Hieronymus of Rhodes indicates in his report that Thales measured the pyramids by their shadow, having observed the time when our shadow is equal to our height. For the ancient Greek Sages of the sixth-century (for example Solon, see Timaeus) it was a custom to visit Egypt and studding the traditional fountain-head. Proclus, in Euclidem, mentions that "Thales left Egypt and went to Greece to further his study of geometry"(1). Thales was regarded as one of the "Seven Sages" of ancient Greece. He died at an old age when watching athletic matches due to heat exhaustion. The inscription on his tomb is: Here in a narrow tomb great Thales lies; Yet his renown for wisdom reached the skies.(1) [The Water As The First Principle] Thales was the first Greek philosopher to speculate about the primary material element of all beings and cosmic phenomena, which he identified as water. The importance of water in life and nature was probably the principal reason that made Thales came to this conclusion. In Orphic mythology and cosmogony we find Water and Earth as one of the first cosmic elements of the Cosmos creation. Damascius in "de principiis" notes that "The Orphic Theology which is said to be according to Hieronymus and Hellanicus (if indeed he is not the same man) is as follows: water existed from the beginning, and is the matter from which earth was solidified."(1) Water, Air, Fire or any other principle was for the Presocratics the root of life, soul and generally the power of the living nature. This power the ancient Greeks called Fiesthe.... Free Essays on Thales Free Essays on Thales Thales is the father of ancient Greek philosophy insofar as he was the first that raised the point that a material substance explains all the natural phenomena. He was born about 624 BCE in Miletus and he considered the founder of the Ionian School, also called the Milesian school. Thales was an avid traveler as Hieronymus of Rhodes indicates in his report that Thales measured the pyramids by their shadow, having observed the time when our shadow is equal to our height. For the ancient Greek Sages of the sixth-century (for example Solon, see Timaeus) it was a custom to visit Egypt and studding the traditional fountain-head. Proclus, in Euclidem, mentions that "Thales left Egypt and went to Greece to further his study of geometry"(1). Thales was regarded as one of the "Seven Sages" of ancient Greece. He died at an old age when watching athletic matches due to heat exhaustion. The inscription on his tomb is: Here in a narrow tomb great Thales lies; Yet his renown for wisdom reached the skies.(1) [The Water As The First Principle] Thales was the first Greek philosopher to speculate about the primary material element of all beings and cosmic phenomena, which he identified as water. The importance of water in life and nature was probably the principal reason that made Thales came to this conclusion. In Orphic mythology and cosmogony we find Water and Earth as one of the first cosmic elements of the Cosmos creation. Damascius in "de principiis" notes that "The Orphic Theology which is said to be according to Hieronymus and Hellanicus (if indeed he is not the same man) is as follows: water existed from the beginning, and is the matter from which earth was solidified."(1) Water, Air, Fire or any other principle was for the Presocratics the root of life, soul and generally the power of the living nature. This power the ancient Greeks called Fiesthe....

Financial crises between 2007 2010 (about Dubai) Essay

Financial crises between 2007 2010 (about Dubai) - Essay Example Buildings like the Burj Khalifa remained largely unoccupied. In 2009, Dubai suggested that it may not be able to pay the impending six month interest payments on its loans. Abu Dhabi then came to its rescue with a $ 10 billion bailout. In the year 2009, Dubai stumbled into a debt crisis. During the years of economic boom before 2008, the investment arm of Dubai, Dubai World had borrowed heavily. It had racked up more than $ 59 billion in debt. Dubai World had borrowed hugely to invest in lavish projects in Dubai. These included Las Vegas casino style glittering properties and a giant island that was shaped like a palm tree; besides the tallest building in the world: the Burj Khalifa. Nakheel is the real estate developer owned by Dubai World, the investment arm of the state of Dubai. Prominent among the constructions of Nakheel are palm-shaped islands and the Atlantis Hotel. $ 3.52 billion of the Islamic bonds of Nakheel also became due and Nakheel had no liquidity to pay them off. It was part of one of the largest tranches of Islamic bonds that Nakheel had sold to Western investors (Landon Thomas Junior, 2009). The investors had no idea that Dubai was facing a risk of default. A week before Dubai announced its possible incapacity to pay the interests on bonds, the bonds were trading at a 10% premium on their face value. After the announcement they were trading at a discount of 50% on their face value. The total debt of Dubai is distributed among a number of different state owned companies. Majority of these companies are owned by the three main investment arms of the state of Dubai. These three investment arms are: When the global financial crisis started and the property market in United States and around the world crashed, Dubai found itself left with an abundance of costly real estate that no one wanted to buy or rent. Dubai had to request that the impending six

Windows server Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Windows server - Research Paper Example If the system will not be compatible with the hardware in place, there will be a need for new hardware (TechGrant, 2012). The crucial business aspects to be considered when upgrading to Server 2008 involves the cost to be incurred. The new Server will have to be bought, and for every computer installed with the server, their licences will have to be paid. In this respect, only the necessary computers should be installed with the new server. This aims at avoiding incurring unnecessary costs. Costs will increase in case of lack of compatibility between the new servers with the hardware. This will have the company digging deeper into their pockets for new hardware. The server happens to be used universally. As of 2009, 98% of of the Fortune Top 100 Companies use the server (Rist, 2011). This means that the company’s employees will not have a hard time adapting to it due to its popularity. The popularity arises from it being user friendly hence the quick adaptation. Additionally, companies looking to network to build a strong e-network platform will find it easier to do so in the Windows 2008 Server. The new Server will serve to improve the quality of service given. The virtual server can be moved from one physical host computer to another without consuming any downtime. The ability to do so saves a lot of time in the case of a computer crash. The company will find this to be a significant advantage since time happens to be just as essential. Windows Server 2008 conserves power usage more than any other Window Server. This will go a long way in lowering expenses such as power bills. Additionally, the consumption of less power means that the Server will have fewer breakdowns due to overheating. a. A minimum of 1 gigahertz processor (32 bit) and 1.4 gigahertz processor (64 bit). The recommended processor should be at least 2 gigahertz. For Itanium based systems, an Intel

Project management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 7

Project management - Essay Example The management and implementation of projects in the public sector is a very big challenge simply because there is large number of constraints that restricts the operations. The major issue of projects in public sector is that it is under the control of government and it is their task to deliver quality project at the specified time. The government policies as well as projects needs to be delivered within the time, should meet the expectations as well as should be within the budget. To accomplish such a task is not easy because the environment in which public sector organizations operate is very competitive. The project taken into consideration is related to the work area or more specifically taking the support of external suppliers to deliver services that would be beneficial for the workers who are disabled to reintegrate in terms of workplace and provide services to all other employers and workers who might require such services. The design phase of a project requires availability of essential resources in right proportion. The designing phase of any project is very crucial simply because it lays the foundation of development of the project. The design needs to contribution from all the key personnel in the organization. The management of the organization as well as other executives needs to have well defined tasks so that none of the responsibilities overlap each other. For smooth running of a project it is very essential that the user’s expectations are kept in mind. The first factor that plays a critical role in project management is to have an appropriate team for project design, development and implementation. The leadership skills are very essential for effective management of project because it enhances the motivation level of the project team members. The members involved in the project needs to be highly motivated and should be enthusiastic

Puddle Girl Essay Example for Free

Puddle Girl Essay She gazes out the window, self-consciously adjusting the straps of her shirt. She shivers as a chill creeps out from the weathered window pane and draws a limp cardigan from the overstuffed chair she has perched herself upon. The pounding of the rain slowly begins to abate and diverts into a soft, gentle roll of tears from the sky. She clasps the cardigan closer to her body, as she mentally counts off the number of ribs she can feel through the heavy, wool blend. Haplessly she utters the sigh of a woman far beyond her years and reaches to open the beckoning door. Her frail, ivory hand encloses on the scuffed brass door knob and she abruptly looks about her, as if she is waiting for someone to reprimand her. She braces herself against the winds knocking chill and steps out into the blighting, crisp, after-rain air. Though she is wearing the two layers she had previously dressed herself in that grey morning and the four other layers she had wrapped herself in throughout the day, she still shivers, the drizzle gently pinpricking her spine. The soft, baby hairs rising on her arms, she raises her diminutive hand to touch the baby-fine smattering of gold silk upon her head, to find that it drifts off through her bony fingers to the earthen ground. She touches her head again and this time her gaze lands upon the aimless settlement of one golden strand. Whirling and twirling, its angelic decent is cushioned by the tender rains droppings that had accumulated into a softly swirling puddle. In an impulsive childish manner, she squats down alongside the water mass and peers at the blustery, silken strand. As it writhes and dances across the still body of water, it creates perfect, symmetrical ripples of movement and sooner than later, to the young girls objections, the hair is stifled by the peaceful puddles saturation. And just as her lips utter yet another far-matured sigh, a reflection subsequently appears and the girl, in a melancholy, self-induced habit stares at the image impressed upon the waters glass. There is a girl in the puddle and she stares back with a desolate stare. Where once sparkling blue eyes glistened is now replaced with the color of grey misery, the twinkle engulfed in the worlds shallow appetite. Her cheeks sunken with the sharp edge that only appears with years of self-destruction and facial expression contorted into the tightness of concentrated self-loathing. Convulsing, the young girl abruptly shatters the ebbing puddle girls image, sending her nose, eyes, and tight-lipped un-smile into all directions. Trembling from  anger, fear, paina mixture of such pure and raw emotion that to describe it would be impossiblethe young girl crumbles down onto the cold, unyielding cement. Cradling her head, allowing the swirling torrent of feelings to take over her beingonce again the rains begin to fall and as each drop rolls down her once rosy cheeks, she sobs and thinks of days gone past.

Influence of Greek Culture :: essays research papers

Influence of Greek Culture   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Back in the days of Homer’s Writings, Greek culture had a huge influence on the way of life and the style of writing. In this epic Greek culture also played a huge roll in the outcome of the story. The three traits of Greek culture that are evident in this story are, marriage is permanent, gods are revered and intelligence is valued.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first one of these traits that stands out in this epic is marriage is permanent. Penelope is faced with many suitors who wish to marry her and rule Ithica, yet she remained loyal and had faith that her husband, Odysseus would return to her side. In one instance, the suitors pressured her into choosing one of them to marry. To trick the men she said â€Å"Young men, my suitors, now my lord is dead, let me finish my weaving before I marry.† (p. 726, l. 100-101). Then every night she would undo her progress of the day. Odysseus too, had been desired by others and he too avoided them. Circe and Calypso both wanted to be with Odysseus, but he knew he had sworn to love Penelope. Telemachus also played a part in keeping his parents’ marriage together. He set out to find his father despise what others had told him. The olive tree bed was also a symbol of the couple’s permanent marriage.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The next trait that played a role in Greek culture was that gods are revered. Gods played a very significant role in the Greek’s way of life. Gods controlled everything from the sky to the underworld. Gods could either be your best friend, or your worst enemy. Odysseus learned that the hard way. After blinding Polyphemus he boasted his name to the beast whose father was the sea god Poseidon. â€Å"Cyclops, if ever mortal man inquire how you were put to shame and blinded, tell him Odysseus, raider of the cities took your eye: Laertes’ son whose home’s on Ithica!† (p.756 l. 970-974). From that point on he would be punisher by the great sea god. A god also played an important role in Telemachus’ journey. Athena gave the young mortal much help and advice.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The last trait that played an important role in Greek culture is that intelligence is valued. Odysseus, Telemachus and Penelope all showed great intelligence in the epic. Odysseus main strength was his intelligence. He had tricked the Cyclops many times and saved himself and his crew’s lives many times.

Economic role of the government Essay

Economic systems are identified by how they answer the three questions of what, how, and for whom to produce. Similarly, they are theoretical representations of economies found throughout the world that demonstrate the distribution of control between people and the government. The economic systems exist on a continuum, with command economies on one side and the free markets on the other side. The United States has a free market economy but with a notable amount of government intervention, therefore it has a mixed economy. The government acts as a provider and regulator of the United States’ mixed economy through setting legal limits and sensible policies for economic functions for the people. In the United States, decisions are made by individuals acting as participants within the market. The federal, state, and local governments, however, make laws protecting private property and regulating certain areas of business. Practiced in the United States today, capitalism would be best defined as an economic system in which individuals own the factors of production, but decide how to use them within legislated limits. Nearly identical to capitalism, the free enterprise system is another definition for the American economy. The free enterprise system emphasizes that individuals are free to own and control aspects of production, yet expands on the fact that government places legal restrictions on freedom of enterprise. Zoning regulations, child-labor laws, hazardous waste rules, and other regulations limit free enterprise to protect the anticipated entrepreneur and his or her surroundings. When such rules are established, freedom has is boundaries and is considered a privilege. Consumers in a market economy have the advantage of being able to choose among products. Contrasting to freedom of enterprise, freedom of choice applies to only the buyers, not the sellers. Although buyers are free to make choices, the market has grown into an increasingly complex place. A consumer’s choice determines the success or failure of a good or service. The profit incentive is the desire to make a profit. This motivates entrepreneurs to establish new businesses, expand existing ones, and change the kinds of goods and services produced. The government has intervened in various areas of the economy to protect buyers. From a simple requirement  for companies to place warning labels on potentially dangerous products to regulating the prices that a company may charge, the government arbitrates in company dealings to help keep all consumers relatively satisfied and secure in their purchases. One of the most important characteristics of capitalism and free enterprise is the right to private property. That is, property not owned by federal, state, or local governments, but rather held by a person or persons. The right to all property-land, business, automobiles, and whatever else the person can afford-aids in the production of wealth and prosperity for all. According to the Constitution, the government has no power to seize private property unless payment is given to the individual. What are called the rights of property are the rights to risk investment and acquire new ways of producing while learning the benefits and downfalls of ownership. Among the economic goals of Americans are economic freedom, economic security, economic stability, and economic growth. To obtain these goals, individual opinions along with government decisions must fall into equilibrium. In order to have a well-functioning enterprise system, individuals are required to take on certain economic responsibilities. Such responsibilities include attempting to rise as a successful entrepreneur and obtaining the knowledge of possible government policies while analyzing the consequences of those policies. The United States illustrates the characteristics of a mixed economy by combining freedom of choice, the desire to make profit, and the right to property with government regulations.

The Knowledge Taught in Vain

If you were to ask a teenager today if he or she would rather study or watch television, what do you think the answer would be? From what I have seen in myself when I was a teenager and in almost everyone that I meet, nobody would rather study. Today's fast food culture has sucked the beauty out of individual thought and the acquirement of knowledge. Schools give an insufficient amount of knowledge on a variety of different topics and sub-topics without any encouragement of critical thought and analysis on the knowledge. Indeed, if schools required children to do so as a part of their education then the politicians, people of elite status, and teachers would be shown that the way they have been doing things, and they way they are doing things, is wrong. Some people who do actually think about things and disagree are rare not only because it's hard to find interest in something public education has made arbitrary but because doing so results in being a social outcast. Some still disagree anyway. It is not allowed in the classrooms so they drop out of schools, die their hair black, get body piercings, become pessimists, and become stereotyped as trash to express their rebellion against being trained to think in a way that does nothing but confuse thought itself. The simple fact is that if young people were encouraged to change our current situation instead of being cast out and beaten down, these same tattooed drug addict losers would be Nobel Prize winners. Its not these rebels that are causing environmental problems, sucking up all the available resources at the expense of people living in poverty, and sending American jobs across the Mexican border for the sake of a greasy buck. It is not the individualist envisionary artists we call elements of a demoralized young generation that are over taxing the people to build machinery for wars that, most of time, are none of our damn business. It is not the gun carrying gangsters that are engaging in the politics of deception and manipulation to lie to the majority of â€Å"honest† people in this country and take their money to fulfill their bloodthirsty wallets at the cost of peoples lives. These proprietary social outcasts are defense mechanisms that result from the disgusting maginalization of the current system. Where does it all begin? In the public schools are the roots of the problem. What helps it? The media with its advertisement propaganda waters those roots. There are many problems in our society that spring from one thing: the miseducation of our children. There are many problems in the education of our children that spring from one thing: students are being taught what to think instead of how to think. The core of our education of children should not be the amount of material covered but the encouragement of thinking about the material which should be presented with a high degree of honesty with emphasis on awareness and responsibility. On many occasions in public school I can remember inquiring on the importance of material only to be laughed at by the class. In eleventh grade English, designed for vocational students, we read â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† by Harper Lee. We read during class and each Friday had tests on the material without any discussion of our purpose for learning it. One day when I questioned why we needed to learn it and the class laughed at me. The teacher told me that it was just part of the curriculum required by the state. I can remember that adding to the anger and frustration of my already rebellious attitude. The rebellion that I felt at the time was against everything that I was being taught. I at the time, like most people, had grown repulsed by learning since the knowledge had been distributed in a way that made it seem like it was a waste of my time. There were seven class periods a day. Each class was less than an hour long and there was little time to go over the things of real importance. When things of real importance were â€Å"taught,† I had six other classes crowding in trying to choke any desire that might have been there to investigate the matters further. Consequently, books and knowledge brought to mind nothing but the meaningless boredom of the manner in which they were presented in school. Whether in school or out, reading books sucked. When that last bell rang it always sparked the conditioned thought of myself hanging out with friends, watching television, listening to music, smoking pot, and doing anything but being productive. Being productive seemed like something that old people do because they need to survive, not because it is something that they loved to do, and its perquisite implied hours of monotonous dedication to memorizing conceptual relics from a former epoch that have no relevant applicability to my modern life. Watching television consumed most of my out of school time since that was mostly what people in my surroundings talked about. Why was it important? It provided for my parents a relief from doing work that they do not enjoy all day. It provided for me and my fellow students an automatic identity and purpose since school had degraded the idea of constructing one from history, science, literature, and philosophy to meaningless syllables that invoked sleep. If a public school student were to actually pay attention in school and manage to get an A, lets say, in history class, that person might be able to tell you that Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence. That person might be able to tell you that the Declaration of Independence says we are all created equal, but if you told him the truth that Jefferson had slaves and that he cheated on his wife with a slave for the better part of twenty years, she would either think you are dumb, laugh at you, or both. When I was riding the bus to school in the twelfth grade, I saw that a girl with a calculus textbook. I tried to talk to her about it and told her that Kempler, one of the fathers of calculus, developed the subject for the study of astronomical bodies. She was an honors student, smart enough to be in calculus, but she did not believe that what I was saying was true. â€Å"Calculus has nothing to do with astronomy! † she said. All I could think was how boring this subject was because its history and meaning had been negated. It made me angry that the teacher never described exactly what happened in history or how much depth and beauty is in mathematics just because â€Å"it's not a part of the curriculum. † Most people think of mathematics and reading books as boring. This is a direct result of people being showed things like geometrical shapes, the battle of Gettysburg, and the periodic table of elements without indicating their significance at the time that these things were discovered or occurred, or their significance in modern day life. When most people think of school they see one subject, instead of a vast array of topics and interests, and they think of that subject as dreadful, boring, and a waste of time. For instance, Mike Rose wrote about the public education experience in his book â€Å"I Just Wanna Be Average†: The particulars will vary, but in essence this is what a number of students go through, especially those in the so-called remedial classes. They open their textbooks and see once again the familiar and impenetrable formulas and diagrams and terms that have stumped them for years. There is no excitement here. No excitement. Regardless of what the teacher says, this is not a new challenge. There is, rather embarrassment and frustration and, not suprisingly, some anger in being reminded once again of long-standing inadequacies. No wonder so many students finally attribute their difficulties to something inborn, organic: â€Å"That part of my brain just doesn't work. † Given the troubling histories many of these students have, it's miraculous that any of them can lift the shroud of hopelessness sufficiently to make deliverance from these classes possible. This situation is not just applicable to this particular case, but is a good generalization of the majority of people who experience public schools first hand. Put simply, the government designs a curriculum. In that curriculum it is set up for students to cover a certain amount of material; however, I cannot remember one class in public school where we finished a text book. It appears like the government sets unreachable curricular goals because there is no desire for them to invoke critical thought in the minds of the students. They know that if a student were taught to think about too much, the things that are wrong in our government, socioculture, and environmental ecology would be criticized. That would mean a major change in the way that we are doing things, and all those who are taking advantage of the system for their own greed would be brought to light. Many people would lose their status, power, control, and luxuries. So, while people are trained, in a sense, to see education and knowledge acquirement as monotonous and boring, they are being prevented from being able to do anything about the wrongs in our world. To aid in this suppression, â€Å"the powers that be† also use television to inform, and misinform, the masses of the problems and solutions. As a result, people are being spoon-fed what to think without having to think, because thinking is something that is not of primary importance whatsoever, for the reasons above. The few people who do are such a small amount that it is hard to convince the masses who are being â€Å"zombified† that that is in fact what is happening to them. There are a few wonderful exceptions. Some public school teachers deviate from the curriculum because their passion over-rides their fear of not accomplishing their job requirements. For instance, Jonathan Kozol wrote about a teacher in the city of Chicago in his essay â€Å"Corla Hawkins†. She did her best to teach her kids how to think about what they learned, how to teach each other what they learned, and how what they learned applies to their life. The thirty children in her fifth and sixth grade class were seated in groups of six or five called â€Å"departments†. Each department was composed of six desks pushed together to created a table. One of the groups did math, another something they describe as â€Å"mathematics art†Ã¢â‚¬â€œpainting composites of geometric shapes–and the other is studying â€Å"careers,† which on this particular morning in the essay were writing about successful business leaders who began their lives in poverty. Then, they all switched groups while one stayed behind to teach the rest the ropes of that department. This teacher, Mrs. Hawkins, was showing them how to communicate intrapersonally and interpersonally information that would be of use to them. The essay made it clear she cared more about the way her children thought and less what her children thought. â€Å"This is the point of it,† she says. â€Å"I am teaching them three things. Number one: self-motivation. Number two: self-esteem. Number three: you help your sister and brother. I tell them they're responsible for one another. I give no grades in the first marking period because I do not want them to be too competitive. Second marking period, I team them two-and-two. You get the same grade as your partner. Fourth marking period, I tell them ‘Every fish swims on its own. But I wait a while for that. The most important thing for me is that they teach each other†¦ † (178) This is an awesome example of teaching the kids how to think. Sadly, though, these kids are most likely being suppressed outside of school. Although education is something they probably look forward to every day, the society around them does not place much importance on education a t all. In a textbook, â€Å"Invitation to Psychology†, I read the work of psychological researchers Harold Sevenson, Chuanshen Chen, and Shin-Ying Lee. They compared children from 20 schools in Chicago and 11 schools in Beijing. The study, ironically, was on fifth graders, as in the class stated above and eleventh graders who were compared ten years earlier. Their results can show us much on the cultivation of intellect. On computations and word problems, the lowest scoring Beijing schools did better than the highest scoring Chicago schools! Only 4 percent of the Chinese children had scores as low as the average American child. Interestingly, the Chinese had worse facilities and larger classes! The Chinese parents were also poorer and less educated than the American parents! In this case, the government propagates to its society the importance of education because it benefits them. Since it is a Communist society, people who are more productive and intelligent benefit the high ranking political parties. Because of this, Chinese students are expected to devote themselves to their studies, but American students are expected to be â€Å"well-rounded†Ã¢â‚¬â€œto have after school jobs (74 percent of them did, compared to only 21 percent of the Chinese), to have dates and an active social life (85 percent to 37 percent), and to have time for sports and other activities. Contrary to the stereotype of the stressed and overworked Asian student, it is American students who are most likely to report that school is a source of stress and academic anxiety. Asians actually had the lowest incidents of stress, depression, insomnia, aggression, and physical symptoms. American students do not value education as much as Asian students do. They are also more complacent about mediocre work. When asked what they would wish for if a wizard could give them anything they wanted, more than sixty percent of the Chinese fifth-graders named something that related to their education. Can you guess what the American children wanted? A majority said money or possessions. (216) It is not an absurd notion to think that the US government and the economical superpowers of this country propagate materialism, simply because it fills their pockets continuously. The solution to many of our world's social and economic problems would surface rather quickly if we changed our curriculum to promote critical individual thought. Right now the current system may not be intended to fill the pockets of the wealthy and the polititions, but that is sure what it does. Rather than keep filling their pockets with money, lets fill our global, national, and communal problems with solutions. The best way to do this, clearly, is to stop over feeding our children's minds with the water of knowledge and to start planting there more seeds of thought. A very prolific man, Neale Donald Walsch, makes a great suggestion of how to do this in â€Å"Conversations with God†: I am talking about focusing your children's attention as much on understanding the core concepts and the theoretical structures around which their value system may be constructed as you now do on dates and facts and statistics. In your society you have created a system in which little Johnnie has learned how to read before getting out of pre-school, but still hasn't learned how to stop biting his brother. And Susie has perfected her multiplication tables, using flash cards and rote memory, in ever earlier and earlier grades, but has not learned that there is nothing shameful or embarrassing about her body. Right now your schools exist primarily to provide answers. It would be far more beneficial if their primary function was to ask questions. What does it mean to be honest, or responsible, or â€Å"fair†? What are the implications? For that matter, what does it mean that 2+2=4? What are the implications? A highly evolved society would encourage all children to discover and create those answers for themselves. Present Data should not be the basis of Present Truth. Data from a prior time or experience should always and only be the basis for new questions. Always the treasure should be in the question, not in the answer. And always the questions are the same. With regard to this past data which we have shown you, do you agree, or do you disagree? What do you think? Always, this is the key question. Always this is the focus. What do you think? What do you think? (127-128) Through out life I have been fortunate to know very intelligent, charismatic, â€Å"thoughtful† people. The best of them all combine to form the ideal role model. The actualization of their thoughts, each with a distinctive power, wonder, grace, is nothing less than an amazing vision of beauty that cannot be described on paper, only felt in observing. The public school system, if anything, has attacked my comprehension of and capability of contributing to this beauty. The struggle that I call my past could have been a plethora of aesthetics if I had been shown the ways of the thinker instead of the ways of a zombie. Anyone who has felt a personal feeling of deep contemplation would agree that its goodness could not be replaced or taken away by anything external or material. Those people are the ones who evolve the current system. Instead of these people loving themselves through their students, they will love their students through wisdom.